絲杠傳動(dòng)作為一種將旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)化為直線運(yùn)動(dòng)的精密機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)，廣泛應(yīng)用于機(jī)床、自動(dòng)化設(shè)備等領(lǐng)域。在實(shí)際運(yùn)行中，回差是其難以完全避免的特性，這種傳動(dòng)過程中的空程間隙，既與結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)密切相關(guān)，也受制造精度、使用磨損等因素影響，成為衡量傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)性能的重要指標(biāo)。

　　As a precision mechanical structure that converts rotational motion into linear motion, screw drive is widely used in fields such as machine tools and automation equipment. In actual operation, backlash is a characteristic that is difficult to completely avoid. The clearance during this transmission process is closely related to structural design and is also affected by factors such as manufacturing accuracy and wear during use, making it an important indicator for measuring the performance of the transmission system.

　　回差的本質(zhì)源于結(jié)構(gòu)間隙與彈性形變。絲杠與螺母的嚙合部位是回差產(chǎn)生的核心區(qū)域。為保證傳動(dòng)的靈活性，絲杠螺紋與螺母螺紋之間必須保留一定的配合間隙，避免因過盈配合導(dǎo)致卡滯。當(dāng)傳動(dòng)方向突然改變時(shí)，這種間隙會(huì)使螺母在絲杠上產(chǎn)生短暫的空轉(zhuǎn)，直到螺紋側(cè)面重新接觸并傳遞力，形成可感知的位移滯后。此外，絲杠、螺母及支撐部件在受力時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)生微量彈性形變，尤其是在負(fù)載變化的瞬間，形變的恢復(fù)過程也會(huì)加劇回差現(xiàn)象。例如，高精度進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)中，即使配合間隙控制在微米級(jí)，快速換向時(shí)仍能通過位移傳感器捕捉到零點(diǎn)幾微米的空程誤差。

　　The essence of hysteresis stems from structural gaps and elastic deformation. The meshing area between the screw and nut is the core area where backlash occurs. To ensure the flexibility of transmission, a certain clearance must be maintained between the screw thread and the nut thread to avoid jamming caused by interference fit. When the transmission direction suddenly changes, this gap will cause the nut to briefly idle on the screw until the thread side re contacts and transmits force, forming a perceptible displacement lag. In addition, the screw, nut, and supporting components will undergo slight elastic deformation when subjected to force, especially at the moment of load change, and the recovery process of deformation will also exacerbate the hysteresis phenomenon. For example, in high-precision feed systems, even if the clearance is controlled at the micrometer level, a zero point deviation of a few micrometers can still be captured by displacement sensors during rapid reversing.

　　制造精度與裝配工藝直接影響回差大小。絲杠螺紋的螺距誤差、牙型半角偏差，螺母內(nèi)螺紋的加工精度，都會(huì)導(dǎo)致嚙合間隙不均勻。若絲杠表面存在局部凸起或螺母螺紋有微小凹陷，在傳動(dòng)過程中會(huì)形成間歇性的間隙放大，使回差呈現(xiàn)波動(dòng)狀態(tài)。裝配時(shí)，軸承的預(yù)緊力調(diào)整不當(dāng)也會(huì)引入額外回差：預(yù)緊力不足會(huì)使支撐部位產(chǎn)生松動(dòng)，預(yù)緊力過大則可能導(dǎo)致絲杠彎曲變形，間接改變螺紋嚙合狀態(tài)。對(duì)于滾珠絲杠這類高精度傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，鋼球與滾道的配合精度尤為關(guān)鍵，鋼球直徑的一致性、滾道的曲率半徑偏差，都會(huì)影響接觸點(diǎn)的分布，進(jìn)而改變回差的穩(wěn)定程度。

　　The manufacturing accuracy and assembly process directly affect the magnitude of backlash. The pitch error and half angle deviation of the screw thread, as well as the machining accuracy of the nut internal thread, can all lead to uneven meshing clearance. If there are local protrusions on the surface of the screw or small indentations on the nut thread, intermittent gap amplification will occur during the transmission process, causing the backlash to fluctuate. During assembly, improper adjustment of the pre tightening force of the bearing can also introduce additional backlash: insufficient pre tightening force can cause looseness in the support part, while excessive pre tightening force may cause the screw to bend and deform, indirectly changing the thread engagement state. For high-precision transmission structures such as ball screws, the accuracy of the fit between the steel ball and the raceway is particularly critical. The consistency of the steel ball diameter and the deviation of the curvature radius of the raceway will affect the distribution of contact points, thereby changing the stability of backlash.

　　使用環(huán)境與磨損進(jìn)程加劇回差演變。在長期運(yùn)行中，絲杠與螺母的接觸表面會(huì)因摩擦產(chǎn)生磨損，尤其是在高速、重載工況下，螺紋工作面的金屬微粒脫落會(huì)逐漸擴(kuò)大配合間隙。粉塵、冷卻液等雜質(zhì)侵入嚙合區(qū)域，會(huì)加速磨損過程，使回差隨使用時(shí)間呈現(xiàn)非線性增長。溫度變化也是不可忽視的因素：環(huán)境溫度劇烈波動(dòng)時(shí)，絲杠與螺母的材料因熱膨脹系數(shù)差異產(chǎn)生形變，可能導(dǎo)致原本調(diào)整好的配合間隙發(fā)生變化，在低溫時(shí)出現(xiàn)間隙增大，高溫時(shí)因膨脹而間隙減小甚出現(xiàn)卡阻，這種溫度敏感性進(jìn)一步增加了回差的復(fù)雜性。

　　The use environment and wear process exacerbate the evolution of hysteresis. In long-term operation, the contact surface between the screw and the nut will wear due to friction, especially under high-speed and heavy load conditions. The metal particles on the threaded working surface will gradually expand the fit clearance. Impurities such as dust and coolant entering the meshing area can accelerate the wear process, causing a non-linear increase in backlash over time. Temperature changes are also an undeniable factor: when the ambient temperature fluctuates dramatically, the materials of the screw and nut deform due to differences in thermal expansion coefficients, which may cause changes in the originally adjusted fit clearance. At low temperatures, the clearance increases, while at high temperatures, it decreases or even becomes stuck due to expansion. This temperature sensitivity further increases the complexity of backlash.

　　回差對(duì)傳動(dòng)性能的影響具有雙面性。在精密定位場(chǎng)景中，回差會(huì)降低系統(tǒng)的控制精度，例如數(shù)控機(jī)床在進(jìn)行輪廓加工時(shí)，換向瞬間的空程可能導(dǎo)致工件表面出現(xiàn)刀痕；而在某些允許一定滯后的傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中，適度的回差反而能減少因剛性碰撞產(chǎn)生的沖擊噪聲，延長部件使用壽命。為平衡精度與可靠性，通常通過預(yù)緊裝置（如雙螺母預(yù)緊、墊片預(yù)緊）補(bǔ)償回差，或采用消隙結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)（如漸開線花鍵消隙、彈性螺母消隙），將回差控制在應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景允許的范圍內(nèi)。

　　The impact of backlash on transmission performance is double-sided. In precision positioning scenarios, backlash can reduce the control accuracy of the system. For example, during contour machining on a CNC machine tool, the momentary gap in direction may cause tool marks on the surface of the workpiece; In some transmission systems that allow for a certain lag, moderate backlash can actually reduce the impact noise caused by rigid collisions and extend the service life of components. To balance accuracy and reliability, it is common to compensate for backlash through pre tightening devices such as double nut pre tightening and gasket pre tightening, or to use clearance structure designs such as involute spline clearance and elastic nut clearance to control backlash within the allowable range of the application scenario.

　　絲杠傳動(dòng)的回差是多種因素共同作用的結(jié)果，既包含不可避免的結(jié)構(gòu)間隙，也涉及制造、裝配、使用等環(huán)節(jié)的累積誤差。理解回差的產(chǎn)生機(jī)制與演變規(guī)律，并非為了完全它，而是根據(jù)實(shí)際應(yīng)用需求將其控制在合理區(qū)間，這既是機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的智慧，也是保障傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行的關(guān)鍵。

　　The backlash of screw drive is the result of multiple factors working together, including inevitable structural clearances and cumulative errors in manufacturing, assembly, and use. Understanding the mechanism and evolution law of hysteresis is not to completely eliminate it, but to control it within a reasonable range according to practical application needs. This is not only the wisdom of mechanical design, but also the key to ensuring the efficient and stable operation of the transmission system.

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