絲杠的制作需經(jīng)多道精密工序，從原材料到終檢驗(yàn)，每步都影響其精度與壽命，需結(jié)合使用場(chǎng)景嚴(yán)格把控。

　　The production of lead screws requires multiple precision processes, from raw materials to final inspection, each step affecting its accuracy and lifespan, and must be strictly controlled in conjunction with the usage scenario.

　　原材料選擇與預(yù)處理是基礎(chǔ)。常用 45 號(hào)鋼、40Cr 合金結(jié)構(gòu)鋼，高精度絲杠用 GCr15 軸承鋼（含碳 0.42%-0.50%），經(jīng)熱處理后硬度達(dá) HRC58-62。原材料為圓鋼棒，直徑比成品大 5-10mm，表面無缺陷，磁粉探傷檢測(cè)內(nèi)部雜質(zhì)。預(yù)處理需退火：820-860℃加熱 2-3 小時(shí)后緩冷，硬度降≤229HB，改善切削性能防崩刀。

　　The selection and pretreatment of raw materials are the foundation. 45 # steel and 40Cr alloy structural steel are commonly used, and GCr15 bearing steel (containing 0.42% -0.50% carbon) is used for high-precision lead screws. After heat treatment, the hardness reaches HRC58-62. The raw material is round steel rod, with a diameter 5-10mm larger than the finished product, and there are no surface defects. Magnetic particle inspection is used to detect internal impurities. Pre treatment requires annealing: Heat at 820-860 ℃ for 2-3 hours and then cool slowly to reduce hardness to ≤ 229HB, improving cutting performance and preventing tool breakage.

　　粗加工塑造基本形態(tài)。下料用鋸床切割，長(zhǎng)度比成品長(zhǎng) 10-20mm，切口垂直度偏差≤0.5mm/m 防偏心。車削外圓時(shí)，車出軸頸、退刀槽，留 2-3mm 精加工余量，表面粗糙度 Ra3.2μm 以下。長(zhǎng)絲杠（＞1m）用跟刀架輔助，控制徑向圓跳動(dòng)≤0.1mm。粗加工后時(shí)效處理：120-150℃保溫 4-6 小時(shí)，應(yīng)力防變形。

　　Rough machining shapes the basic form. Cut the material with a sawing machine, with a length 10-20mm longer than the finished product, and the vertical deviation of the cut should be ≤ 0.5mm/m to prevent eccentricity. When turning the outer circle, the journal and tool groove should be machined out, leaving a 2-3mm precision machining allowance and a surface roughness of Ra3.2 μ m or less. Long filament bars (>1m) are assisted by a trailing tool holder to control radial circular runout ≤ 0.1mm. After rough machining, aging treatment is carried out at 120-150 ℃ for 4-6 hours to eliminate stress and prevent deformation.

　　螺紋加工是核心工序。普通精度絲杠（C 級(jí)）用螺紋車床車削，高速鋼螺紋刀進(jìn)給 0.1-0.3mm/r，多次走刀（每次切深 0.1-0.2mm），保證牙型清晰。高精度絲杠（C3 級(jí)）用螺紋磨床磨削，白剛玉砂輪（60-80 目）配合乳化液冷卻，中徑公差 0.01-0.03mm，導(dǎo)程誤差≤0.02mm/300mm。滾珠絲杠需加工循環(huán)槽，與滾珠間隙 0.01-0.02mm，專用刀具加工使槽面 Ra0.8μm 以下。

　　Thread machining is the core process. Ordinary precision screw (Class C) is turned with a thread lathe, and the feed rate of the high-speed steel thread cutter is 0.1-0.3mm/r, with multiple passes (each cutting depth is 0.1-0.2mm) to ensure clear tooth profile. High precision screw (C3 grade) is ground using a thread grinder, with white corundum grinding wheel (60-80 mesh) and emulsion cooling. The diameter tolerance is 0.01-0.03mm, and the lead error is ≤ 0.02mm/300mm. The ball screw needs to be processed with a circulating groove, with a clearance of 0.01-0.02mm between the ball and the groove surface. Special cutting tools should be used to process the groove surface with a Ra0.8 μ m or less.

　　熱處理強(qiáng)化性能。螺紋加工后淬火：830-860℃加熱 1-2 小時(shí)油冷，表層 HRC55-60，心部 HRC30-40。隨即低溫回火：150-200℃保溫 2-4 小時(shí)，應(yīng)力穩(wěn)組織。高耐磨性絲杠（如注塑機(jī)用）進(jìn)行氮化處理：500-560℃通氨氣，形成 0.1-0.3mm 氮化層，硬度 HV800-1000。熱處理后檢查變形，彎曲超差（直線度＞0.1mm/m）用壓力機(jī)校直。

　　Heat treatment enhances performance. Quenching after thread processing: Heat at 830-860 ℃ for 1-2 hours and oil cool, with a surface HRC55-60 and a core HRC30-40. Immediately low-temperature tempering: maintain at 150-200 ℃ for 2-4 hours to eliminate stress and stabilize the structure. Nitriding treatment of high wear resistant lead screws (such as those used in injection molding machines): passing ammonia gas at 500-560 ℃ to form a 0.1-0.3mm nitride layer with a hardness of HV800-1000. After heat treatment, check for deformation and straighten with a press if the bending exceeds the tolerance (straightness>0.1mm/m).

　　精加工與檢驗(yàn)保障質(zhì)量。精密磨削外圓 IT6-IT7 級(jí)公差，修正螺紋誤差，保證螺紋與外圓同軸度≤0.02mm。軸頸磨削配合要求（過盈量 0.005-0.01mm），軸肩端面跳動(dòng)≤0.01mm。檢驗(yàn)用螺紋千分尺、導(dǎo)程儀等，測(cè)中徑、導(dǎo)程誤差及粗糙度（Ra≤1.6μm），重要絲杠需動(dòng)態(tài)測(cè)試。合格絲杠清洗后涂防銹油，套塑料保護(hù)套防磕碰。

　　Precision machining and inspection ensure quality. Precision grinding of the outer circle to IT6-IT7 tolerance, correction of thread errors, ensuring that the coaxiality between the thread and the outer circle is ≤ 0.02mm. Grinding of the shaft neck to fit requirements (interference fit 0.005-0.0mm), and shaft shoulder end face runout ≤ 0.01mm. Inspection uses thread micrometers, lead gauges, etc. to measure the pitch diameter, lead error, and roughness (Ra ≤ 1.6 μ m), and important lead screws require dynamic testing. After cleaning the qualified screw, apply anti rust oil and cover it with a plastic protective sleeve to prevent collision.

　　不同絲杠制作有差異：梯形絲杠重牙型對(duì)稱，滾珠絲杠重滾珠槽精度，微型絲杠（＜10mm）用高精度夾具（定位誤差≤0.005mm）防振。制作需在 20±2℃恒溫車間進(jìn)行，減少溫度對(duì)精度的影響，確保滿足機(jī)械傳動(dòng)需求。

　　There are differences in the production of different lead screws: trapezoidal lead screws have symmetrical heavy tooth profiles, ball screws have precision in heavy ball grooves, and micro lead screws (<10mm) use high-precision fixtures (positioning error ≤ 0.005mm) to prevent vibration. The production needs to be carried out in a constant temperature workshop at 20 ± 2 ℃ to reduce the impact of temperature on accuracy and ensure that mechanical transmission requirements are met.

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