在機(jī)械傳動系統(tǒng)中，絲杠作為將旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動轉(zhuǎn)化為直線運(yùn)動的核心部件，其支撐方式直接決定了設(shè)備的精度、剛性和使用壽命。根據(jù)不同的工況需求，絲杠的支撐方式可分為四種典型類型，每種方式在結(jié)構(gòu)特性、適用場景及優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)上均有顯著差異。

　　In mechanical transmission systems, the screw serves as the core component that converts rotational motion into linear motion, and its support method directly determines the accuracy, rigidity, and service life of the equipment. According to different working conditions, the support methods of lead screws can be divided into four typical types, each of which has significant differences in structural characteristics, applicable scenarios, and advantages and disadvantages.

　　一端固定一端自由：垂直傳動與短行程的優(yōu)選方案

　　One end fixed and one end free: the preferred solution for vertical transmission and short stroke

　　該支撐方式的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)為一端采用組合式角接觸軸承進(jìn)行軸向固定，另一端完全自由。其優(yōu)勢在于結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、安裝成本低，尤其適用于短行程或垂直布置的絲杠。例如，在數(shù)控機(jī)床的垂直坐標(biāo)軸或升降臺中，這種支撐方式可通過絲杠及負(fù)載的自重使其處于拉伸狀態(tài)，從而補(bǔ)償因自重引起的彎曲變形。然而，其局限性也十分明顯：軸向剛度與臨界轉(zhuǎn)速較低，絲杠穩(wěn)定性較差，因此僅適用于低轉(zhuǎn)速、中精度的場景。若絲杠長度較長或轉(zhuǎn)速要求較高，則需謹(jǐn)慎選擇此方式。

　　The structural feature of this support method is that one end is fixed axially with a combined angular contact bearing, and the other end is completely free. Its advantages lie in its simple structure and low installation cost, especially suitable for short stroke or vertically arranged lead screws. For example, in the vertical coordinate axis or lifting platform of a CNC machine tool, this support method can compensate for bending deformation caused by the weight of the screw and load by keeping it in a stretched state. However, its limitations are also very obvious: the axial stiffness and critical speed are low, and the stability of the screw is poor, so it is only suitable for low-speed, medium precision scenarios. If the length of the screw is long or the speed requirement is high, this method should be carefully selected.

　　一端固定一端支撐：中等精度與速度的平衡之選

　　Fixed at one end and supported at the other: a balanced choice between medium precision and speed

　　作為常用的安裝方式，該結(jié)構(gòu)一端通過組合式角接觸軸承實(shí)現(xiàn)軸向固定，另一端采用深溝球軸承提供徑向支撐。其核心優(yōu)勢在于兼顧了剛性與安裝便利性——固定端可同時承受軸向力和徑向力，支撐端則通過微量軸向浮動減少絲杠熱變形的影響。這種設(shè)計(jì)使其廣泛應(yīng)用于中等速度、精度要求較高的場合，如普通數(shù)控機(jī)床的進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)。不過，支撐端的剛性相對較弱，在高精度需求下可能需輔助以預(yù)拉伸或溫控措施。

　　As the most commonly used installation method, one end of the structure is fixed axially through a combined angular contact bearing, and the other end is supported radially by a deep groove ball bearing. Its core advantage lies in balancing rigidity and installation convenience - the fixed end can withstand both axial and radial forces simultaneously, while the support end reduces the impact of screw thermal deformation through a small amount of axial floating. This design makes it widely used in applications with medium speed and high precision requirements, such as the feed system of ordinary CNC machine tools. However, the rigidity of the supporting end is relatively weak, and auxiliary measures such as pre stretching or temperature control may be required for high-precision requirements.

　　兩端支撐：低成本與靈活性的妥協(xié)方案

　　Two end support: a compromise solution between low cost and flexibility

　　兩端均采用深溝球軸承的支撐方式，結(jié)構(gòu)簡單且成本較低，但軸向剛性顯著低于其他類型。由于兩端制徑向自由度，絲杠的熱膨脹會直接影響傳動精度，因此多用于對剛性要求不高的中等速度場景。典型應(yīng)用包括手動調(diào)整機(jī)構(gòu)或低負(fù)荷的自動化設(shè)備。盡管其應(yīng)用范圍有限，但在空間受限或預(yù)算緊張的項(xiàng)目中仍具實(shí)用價值。

　　Both ends are supported by deep groove ball bearings, which have a simple structure and low cost, but their axial rigidity is significantly lower than other types. Due to the limitation of only radial degrees of freedom at both ends, the thermal expansion of the screw directly affects the transmission accuracy, making it more commonly used in medium speed scenarios with low rigidity requirements. Typical applications include manually adjusting mechanisms or low load automation equipment. Although its application scope is limited, it still has practical value in projects with limited space or tight budgets.

　　兩端固定：高速高精場景的剛性保障

　　Fixed at both ends: rigid guarantee for high-speed and high-precision scenes

　　通過兩端組合式角接觸軸承的軸向固定，該方式可承受極高的軸向載荷，軸向剛度較“一端固定一端支撐”提升約4倍。其特點(diǎn)在于對絲杠施加預(yù)拉伸，以抵消高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時摩擦生熱導(dǎo)致的熱變形，從而確保長期精度穩(wěn)定性。因此，它成為高速機(jī)床、精密加工中心等高端設(shè)備的方案。然而，復(fù)雜的安裝調(diào)試流程和對熱變形的敏感性也增加了使用門檻，需配備高精度的預(yù)緊力控制與溫度補(bǔ)償系統(tǒng)。

　　By using a combination of two end angular contact bearings for axial fixation, this method can withstand extremely high axial loads, and the axial stiffness is increased by about 4 times compared to "one end fixed and one end supported". Its biggest feature is to apply pre tension to the screw to counteract the thermal deformation caused by frictional heating during high-speed operation, thereby ensuring long-term accuracy stability. Therefore, it has become the preferred solution for high-end equipment such as high-speed machine tools and precision machining centers. However, the complex installation and debugging process and sensitivity to thermal deformation also increase the threshold for use, requiring high-precision preload control and temperature compensation systems.

　　支撐方式的選擇原則與優(yōu)化方向

　　Principles and optimization directions for selecting support methods

　　在實(shí)際工程中，支撐方式的選擇需綜合考量負(fù)載特性、轉(zhuǎn)速要求、行程長度及成本預(yù)算。例如，短行程垂直傳動優(yōu)先選“一端固定一端自由”；中等精度要求的水平進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)適合“一端固定一端支撐”；而高速、長絲杠場景則必須采用“兩端固定”結(jié)構(gòu)。此外，通過材料升級（如采用角接觸軸承替代深溝球軸承）、表面處理優(yōu)化（如鍍鎳防腐）以及智能溫控技術(shù)的融入，可進(jìn)一步提升支撐系統(tǒng)的綜合性能。

　　In practical engineering, the selection of support methods requires comprehensive consideration of load characteristics, speed requirements, stroke length, and cost budget. For example, for short stroke vertical transmission, priority should be given to "one end fixed and one end free"; A horizontal feed system with medium precision requirements is suitable for "one end fixed and one end supported"; In high-speed and long filament scenarios, a "fixed at both ends" structure must be adopted. In addition, by upgrading materials (such as replacing deep groove ball bearings with angular contact bearings), optimizing surface treatment (such as nickel plating for corrosion prevention), and integrating intelligent temperature control technology, the comprehensive performance of the support system can be further improved.

　　隨著制造業(yè)向高精度、率方向發(fā)展，絲杠支撐技術(shù)正朝著模塊化、智能化方向演進(jìn)。未來，自適應(yīng)支撐系統(tǒng)可能通過嵌入式傳感器實(shí)時監(jiān)測絲杠狀態(tài)，并自動調(diào)整預(yù)緊力與補(bǔ)償量，從而徹底顛覆傳統(tǒng)支撐方式的設(shè)計(jì)范式。

　　With the development of manufacturing towards high precision and efficiency, screw support technology is evolving towards modularity and intelligence. In the future, adaptive support systems may completely overturn the design paradigm of traditional support methods by real-time monitoring of screw status through embedded sensors and automatically adjusting preload and compensation.

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